The Astronomical Significance of Makar Sankranti

Makar Sankranti is celebrated on January 14th, and is one of the few festivals on the Hindu lunar calendar that are based on the sun's position. But what does Makar Sankranti signify?

Uttarayan

Since Makar Sankranti is often confused or conflated with Uttarayan, let's see what Uttarayan is first.

Uttarayan, (literally northern movement), marks the time at which the position of the Sun reaches the southern-most point in the sky and begins its shift northward. This is also known as the winter solstice, and marks the first day of winter. In the northern hemisphere, this day is the shortest day of the year. This falls on December 21st or 22nd every year.

The reason for solstices and the change in the Sun's apparent position is the Earth's tilt of 23.5º. As the Earth's revolves around the Sun, the direction of the tilt changes. On the winter solstice in December, Earth's tilt points directly away from the Sun, which causes the Sun to appear farthest to the south. In June, during the summer solstice, with the Earth's tilt pointing directly toward the Sun, making it appear shifted to the north.

This change in tilt causes our seasons. Between the two solstices, we see two other astronomical events in March and September where the Earth's tilt is effectively 0º from the Sun's standpoint. These mark the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, or beginning of spring and fall.

During Uttarayan, or the winter solstice, on December 21st / 22nd, the Sun reaches tangential to the Tropic of Capricorn, an imaginary line 23.5º south of the equator (the same degrees as the tilt in Earth's axis).

But why is it called the Tropic of Capricorn?

Tropical Zodiac and Vedic Zodiac

In the tropical zodiac, which is the astrological system primarily used in the West, the Sun enters the Capricorn zodiac on the winter solstice. Therefore, that latitude is known as the Tropic of Capricorn. Similarly, the Sun enters the Cancer zodiac on the summer solstice, so that latitude is known as the Tropic of Cancer.

Meanwhile, the Vedic zodiac, used in India, accounts for a 26,000-year long wobble cycle in the Earth's rotation that causes the position of the zodiacs to shift in the sky.

Let's compare the two zodiacs on a planetary chart. The planets move counterclockwise, with the sun as observed from Earth shown on the edge of two zodiac rings. The outer ring shows the Tropical zodiac and the inner ring shows the Vedic zodiac.

Comparing the two zodiacs on December 21, 2021 — Uttarayan and winter solstice — we can see that on in the Tropical zodiac, the Sun is exiting Sagitarius and entering Capricorn.

However, in the Vedic Zodiac, which has shifted due to the slight wobble of the Earth, the Sun remains in Saggitarius until January 14th — Makar Sankranti. Therefore, Makar Sankranti represents the entrance of Sun into the Capricon zodiac in the Vedic zodiac system.

To see how far in the 26,000 wobble cycle we are in, we just need to find the time when both zodiacs matched. The last time this happened was approximately in year 370. At that time, the Sun entered Capricorn in both zodiacs on December 21st.

Discoveries

This shows us three things.

First, in year 370, Makar Sankranti and Uttarayan were on the same day. The sun touched the Tropic of Capricorn and it entered the Capricorn zodiac at the same time. So while both festivals were equivalent at that time, it's clear that Uttarayan tracks the astronomical aspect and Makar Sankranti tracks the astrological aspect of the same celestial event. Over time, the two aspect grew apart due to the way each is calculated. I think this is a perfect example of how close astronomy and astrology really are.

Second, we are about 1650 years into the 26,000-year cycle and the gap between the two zodiacs has grown to about 23.5º in that time period (it's not immediately clear if this correlates to the Earth's tilt mentioned above). This means the rate of shift between the two zodiacs is about 1.3º per 100 years. At this rate, in the next 24,350 years, the gap will grow to ~360º, or a full circle! So approximately in year 26,370, the zodiacs will once again be in sync.

Last, we can only imagine how advanced the civilization must have been that not only observed these events, but properly accounted for a 26,000-year long cycle that is simply imperceptible over a normal human life span.